Options in the "Envelopes" menu in the "Results" tab
Consulting forces in beams, joists, hollow core plates and composite slabs
To consult the stress laws for beams, joists, hollow core plates and composite slabs in the program, after analysing the structure, open the "Results" tab and select the desired group. Then click on the "Envelopes" menu at the top of the interface.
The menu options that enable the consultation of the stresses in these elements are as follows:
- Stresses in beams
- Efforts in joists
- Efforts in hollow core plates
- Efforts in composite slabs
Each of these is explained below:
Esfuerzos en vigas
The "Forces in beams" option allows you to view the moments, shear forces, and torsional forces of the beams selected by envelopes, single loadcases, and combinations of single loadcases.
In the window that appears when you click on this option, you can configure the display of forces.
Thus, in the first selector, you indicate whether you wish to display:
- the "Envelopes" of forces, in which case two graphs will appear, corresponding to the upper and lower envelopes;
- the efforts associated with a specific simple "Loadcase", which must be selected later from a drop-down menu;
- or the efforts of a specific "Combination" of loadcases, which must also be selected from a drop-down menu from among those available.
Next, tick the boxes for "Moments", "Shears" or "Torsions", depending on the type of forces you wish to consult.
When consulting the stress "Envelopes", you can view the graphs of the stresses used in the dimensioning of the "Negative" and "Positive" reinforcement by ticking the corresponding boxes. By ticking the following boxes, you can also display the stresses corresponding to different design "Situations", whether they are "Persistent or transient", "Seismic" or "Accidental".
At the bottom, the program offers additional options:
- The "Draw the diagrams with infill" option allows you to represent diagrams with colour fill, which will be different for each type of stress.
- The "Consult values" option allows you to obtain the analytical value of any point by moving the pointer over the graph.
- and the "Show maximum" option allows the maximum positive and negative stresses to be labelled and displayed on screen.
Finally, you can enter a value for "Scale" to control the size of the force diagram on the screen.
After accepting, click on a portal frame to view the force laws. If the corresponding options have been activated, the values at each point will be displayed by moving the pointer over them, and the maximum values will be labelled on the screen.
Right-clicking returns you to the previous window, where you can modify the selection of options to consult other types of forces.
Forces in joists
To view the "Forces in joists", you can view the moments, shear forces and torsional forces of the selected joists by envelopes, simple loadcases and combinations of simple loadcases.
In this case, it is possible to view the "Values per rib" or the "Values per metre width". This can be selected at the bottom of the pop-up window that appears when you click on the option.
The remaining options are equivalent to those described for checking stresses in beams.
After accepting, click on each of the joists to view the forces.
Forces in lightweight slabs and composite slabs
The options "Forces in lightweight slabs" and "Forces in composite slabs" allow you to view the moments, shear forces and torsional forces of the lightweight slabs or composite slabs selected by envelopes, simple loadcases and combinations of simple loadcases.
In these two cases, the "Values per metre width" are always shown. This provides the force graph for each discretised band of this width in this type of floor slab.
The remaining options are equivalent to those described for checking forces in beams.
To view the forces in this type of slab, click on any point on the slab. The program will display the force diagram located at the centre of the slab.
Consulting quantities, displacements and forces in flat and waffle slabs
To consult the quantities, displacements and forces at nodes of slabs and waffle slabs in CYPECAD, as well as the generated mesh and the deflection between two points, after calculating the project it is necessary to open the "Results" tab and position yourself in the desired group. Then click on the "Envelopes" menu at the top of the interface.
The menu options that allow the above information to be consulted are as follows:
- Draw mesh
- Deflection between two points
- Draw ratios of the flat/waffle slabs
- Displacements at slab/waffle slab nodes
- Maximum displacements at flat/waffle slab nodes
- Forces in flat/waffle slab nodes
Each of these features is detailed below.
Draw mesh
The "Draw mesh" option allows the generated mesh in flat or waffle slab panels to be consulted by displaying it on screen.
| Note: |
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| In the case of waffle slabs, the mesh spacing is one third of the centre-to-centre distance. In the case of slabs, the mesh is generated every 25 centimetres. |
Deflection between two points
The "Deflection between two points" of the slab or bidirectional slab can be consulted using this menu option, as well as from the "Contour plots" tab.
Draw ratios of the flatslab/waffle slabs
With the "Draw ratios of the flat/waffle slabs" option, the mechanical reinforcement ratios of each mesh alignment are displayed.
The program allows selection of the "Quantities" "Top" and "Bottom" in the "Longitudinal" or "Transverse" direction, as well as entering the value of the display "Scale".
After accepting, click on a point of a panel so that the quantity diagram of the alignment passing through it is displayed. By clicking on additional points, the quantity diagrams of other alignments can be made visible. Each diagram can be clicked to remove its display from the screen.
Displacements at slab/waffle slab nodes
Using "Displacements at slab/waffle slab nodes", it is possible to consult Z displacements and rotations about X and Y, by simple load cases, at any node of the mesh of a slab or waffle slab.
When moving the pointer over the different mesh nodes, their coordinates are also indicated.
By clicking with the left mouse button, the "Node displacements" window opens, showing all the values for the node at those coordinates.
If there is more than one storey per group, the results for each storey are shown.
Maximum displacements at slab/waffle slab nodes
From "Maximum displacements at slab/waffle slab nodes", the maximum Z displacements and the maximum rotations about X and Y, by simple load cases, are displayed for each slab or waffle slab panel.
When clicking on each panel, a green circle appears indicating the position of the point of maximum displacement, together with a window showing the information on maximum displacements by load case.
Forces in flat/waffle slab nodes
The "Forces in flat/waffle slab nodes" option allows the forces by simple load cases and the reinforcement ratios at any node of the mesh of a flat or waffle slab to be consulted.
When moving the pointer over the slab panel, the shear forces and bending moments per metre width of slab are shown, together with the values of "Bottom quantity" and "Top quantity" in both directions (X and Y) at the node indicated on screen, whose coordinates are also displayed.
By clicking the left mouse button, a table with all the information described is obtained.
If there is more than one storey per group, the results for each storey are shown.
Uplifts and excessive bearing pressures in mat foundations
To check for lifts and excessive stresses in foundation slabs, after analysing the structure, open the "Results" tab and select the desired group. Then open the "Envelopes" menu at the top of the interface.
The menu options that allow you to view the aforementioned information are as follows:
- Uplift in mat foundations
- Excessive bearing pressures in mat foundations
Each of these features is detailed below.
Uplift in mat foundations
This option provides information about "Uplifts in mat foundations", if applicable.
If there has been no lifting at any point on the slabs in the group, this is indicated by a warning.
In the event of uplifts, the points on the mesh that have this problem in any combination of scenarios will be marked with red circles.
To find out the uplift value, click on them to display the value of "Maximum upward vertical displacement".
| Note: |
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| In the analysis performed by the program, the slab is discretised in the form of a grid, which is solved using matrix methods. A spring is placed at the intersection nodes of the grid bars, whose constant is the product of the ballast coefficient and its area of influence or tributary. If detachments occur, the springs that link the mesh nodes to the ground in the model would be acting in tension. As the ground cannot work under tension in these cases, if this circumstance occurs, the calculation result is inaccurate, so it is necessary to avoid the existence of detachments. To do this, weight can be added to the slab or the distribution of loads on the ground can be modified, increasing the depth of the slab to make it more rigid or by redesigning the structure. |
Excessive bearing pressures in mat foundations
This option allows you to consult the "Excessive bearing pressures in mat foundations".
If the permissible stress of the ground has not been exceeded at any point on the slabs in the group, this is indicated by a warning.
In the event of excessive tension, the points affected by this problem are marked with red circles.
To find out the value of the "Maximum bearing pressure" at a specific point on the foundation slab, click on that point.
Forces in columns, shear walls and walls
To view the forces in columns, shear walls and/or walls in CYPECAD, after analysing the structure, open the "Results" tab and go to a group where any of these elements are visible.
Next, open the "Envelope" menu at the top of the interface.
Forces in columns, shear walls and walls
Selecting the "Forces in columns, shear walls and walls" option and clicking on a column or wall opens a window where you can view their stress laws for simple loadcases or combinations of loadcases. In the case of diagrams, click on the segment of the diagram you wish to view.
In the pop-up window, the following configuration options appear in the "Views" section on the left-hand side:
- In "Floor selection" (1), you can select the floors to be displayed by indicating the "Final floor" and the "Initial floor". The blue arrows allow you to scroll between floor sections.
- Next, in the "Selection of forces" section (2), it indicates for each stress whether it is "Visible" or not, along with its "Scale" factor and colour. If "With automatic scale calculation" is enabled, the program will adjust the size of the stress laws to the visible area on the screen, forcing the scale factor. The following can be included:
- the axil (N);
- the moments in both directions (Mx, My);
- the cutting edges in both directions (Qx, Qy);
- and the torsion (T).
- In the drop-down menus at the bottom of the "Selection of forces" section, select the "Loadcase" or "Combination" you wish to consult.
- Finally, within the "Configuration" section (3), the following options can be enabled:
- "Consult values", to display an information box when hovering over the stress laws;
- "Show maximum values", to make the values visible in each section;
- and "Fill Diagram", so that the stress laws are represented filled with a different colour.
In the viewer (4) on the right-hand side, hover the pointer over the stress laws for the column, screen or wall so that the program displays the floor plan, section, elevation and stresses in the same, as well as a diagram of the element in plan view showing its local axes.
The stresses in X are those contained in the local XZ plane of the element, and similarly, the stresses in Y are those contained in the local YZ plane.
CYPECAD - Options in the "Envelopes" menu in the "Results" tab
Licencias y módulos relacionados
Los programas de CYPE se activan mediante licencias electrónicas que pueden contener uno o varios módulos. La lista de módulos compatibles con cada programa puede variar en función del producto adquirido y del tipo de licencia.
Para consultar la lista de módulos compatibles con este programa, se puede acceder a "Módulos de los programas de CYPE".
Es importante tener en cuenta que la lista de módulos disponibles en la licencia dependerá del producto adquirido.
