Composite steel and concrete columns
Using the “Composite steel and concrete columns”, CYPECAD and CYPE 3D design composite steel and concrete columns composed of rectangular or circular concrete columns with an encased steel section, Rolled steel plate box sections, filled with concrete; rectangular, square and circular hollow sections filled with concrete.
Data introduction
Using the “Composite steel and concrete columns” module, CYPECAD and CYPE 3D can check composite steel and concrete columns composed of a rectangular or circular concrete section with an encased section; rolled steel plate box sections, filled with concrete; and cold-formed steel rectangular, square or circular hollow sections, filled with concrete.
CYPECAD and CYPE 3D also design reinforced concrete columns using the Concrete columns module and steel columns (only CYPECAD requires the Steel columns module).
CYPECAD allows users to define, for each column that is introduced, specific values for the following parameters during its introduction (whose values are defined in the general data of the job or in the analysis options):
- Effective length factors
- Fixity coefficients at the top and bottom of each column span
- Axial stiffness coefficients
- Cover
- Concrete resistance
In CYPE 3D, these properties are defined using different options in the Bar menu.
In CYPECAD, when introducing the data, the fixed point of the columns can be defined (at corners or faces) for when the section size of a column varies from one floor to another. In CYPE 3D, the fixed point is defined using the “Describe disposition” option in the “Bar” menu.
Columns introduced in CYPECAD and in CYPE 3D must be vertical. CYPECAD does not allow for them to be introduced any other way, however, in CYPE 3D, users could define a bar, as being a column-type structural element, whose local X-axis is at an angle with respect to the global Z-axis. In these cases, CYPE 3D marks the bar as containing an error (if the “Show/Hide incidents” option in the “Analysis” menu has been activated) with the following message: “The element must be vertical, with its local X-axis in the ascending direction”. The program does not allow for the structure to be analysed (and also displays this problem if the analysis is launched regardless of whether the “Show/Hide incidents” option has been activated or not) until the direction of the local X-axis of the bar does not coincide with that of the global Z-axis.
Types of composite columns
CYPECAD and CYPE 3D check the following types of composite columns:
- Rectangular section with encased section
Always includes longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. - Rolled steel plate box section, filled with concrete
It is possible to include longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and an encased steel section. - Cold-formed steel rectangular hollow section, filled with concrete
It is possible to include longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and an encased steel section. - Cold-formed steel square hollow section, filled with concrete
It is possible to include longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and an encased steel section. - Circular column with encased section
Always includes longitudinal and transverse reinforcement. - Cold-formed steel circular hollow section, filled with concrete
It is possible to include longitudinal and transverse reinforcement, and an encased steel section.
Implemented design codes
CYPECAD and CYPE 3D check the types of columns indicated in the previous section, in accordance with the following codes:
- EN 1994-1-1
Eurocode 4: Design of composite steel and concrete structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings. - ANSI/AISC 360-10
Specification for Structural Steel Buildings (ANSI/AISC 360-10).
Code selection
The code for the design of composite columns is not selected directly as is done with the concrete or steel codes. The program uses either the “EN 1994-1-1” code or the “ANSI/AISC 360-10” code depending on the concrete code that has been selected. Furthermore, bear in mind that CYPECAD and CYPE 3D can only check composite columns when the selected concrete code is implemented in the Advanced column editor.
Concrete code used by “EN 1994-1-1” to check composite columns
The EN 1994-1-1 code will be used by CYPECAD and CYPE 3D to check composite columns when the concrete code is one of the following:
- ABNT NBR 6118:2007 (Brazil)
Norma Brasileira ABNT NBR 6118 (2007). Projeto de estruturas de concreto - Procedimento. - ABNT NBR 6118:2014 (Brazil)
Norma Brasileira ABNT NBR 6118 (2014). Projeto de estruturas de concreto - Procedimento. - BAEL 91 (R-99) (France)
Règles techniques de conception et de calcul des ouvrages et constructions en béton armé suivant la méthode des états limites. - EHE-08 (Spain)
Instrucción de hormigón estructural. - Eurocode 2 (EU)
Proyecto de estructuras de hormigón. EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC 2008. - Eurocode 2 (France)
Calcul des structures en béton. NF EN 1992-1-1 :2005/NA: Mars 2007. - Eurocode 2 (Portugal)
Projecto de estruturas de betão. NP EN 1992-1-1:2010/NA. - Eurocode 2 (Romania)
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. SR EN 1992-1-1:2004/AC. - IS 456: 2000 (India)
Indian Standard. Plain and reinforced concrete code of practice (Fourth Revision). - NTC: 14-01-2008 (Italy)
Norme tecniche per le costruzioni. - SP 63.13330.2012 (Russia)
Concrete and reinforced concrete. Construction. Updated edition SNIP 52-01-2003. Moscow 2012.
Concrete code used by “ANSI/AISC 360-10” to check composite columns
The “ANSI/AISC 360-10” code will be used by CYPECAD and CYPE 3D to check composite columns when the concrete code is one of the following:
- ACI 318M-08 (USA)
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-08). - ACI 318M-11 (USA)
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318M-11). - CIRSOC 201-2005 (Argentina)
Reglamento Argentino de Estructuras de Hormigón. - NCh 430.Of2008 (Chile)
Norma Chilena oficial NCh430.Of2008 (Basada en ACI 318-05). - NSR-10 (Colombia)
Reglamento Colombiano de Construcción Sismo Resistente NSR-10. Título C Concreto estructural. - NTCRC:2004 (Mexico)
Normas técnicas complementarias del reglamento de construcciones para el Distrito Federal. - NTE E.060: 2009 (Peru)
Reglamento nacional de edificaciones. Norma E.060 Concreto Armado.
Results analysis
Advanced column editor
CYPECAD and CYPE 3D have an advanced column editor (for concrete, steel and composite columns), which allows users to:
- Display all the information regarding their design (for composite columns, only their check), and generates detailed reports of the ultimate limit state checks (U.L.S. checks).
- Organise column groups in the column schedule, filter their display, modify the reinforcement or steel sections used, and all this on the columns schedule view and not on-plan. A small plan view diagram is also provided, which allows users to select, in the schedule, the column type to which a specific column belongs to.
- Check all the modifications that are carried out.
- Redesign the columns (except composite and steel columns which can only be checked).
More information on this tool, available for CYPECAD and CYPE 3D, can be found on the “Advanced column editor” webpage.
Required user license permits
For CYPECAD or CYPE 3D to be able to design composite steel and concrete columns, users must have the required permits to be able to use either program and the “Composite steel and concrete columns” module (used by both CYPECAD and CYPE 3D).
